Relevant bibliography

Selection of articles published until January 2024 in PubMed using the keywords: “varicose veins AND foam sclerotherapy” as well as “’hemorrhoids/haemorrhoids AND foam sclerotherapy”.

  1. Baraldi C, Bissacco D. Safety and Efficacy of Combining Saphenous Endovenous Laser Ablation and Varicose Veins Foam Sclerotherapy: An Analysis on 5500 Procedures in Patients With Advance Chronic Venous Disease (C3-C6). Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2024 Jan;58(1):60-64. doi: 10.1177/15385744231188804. Epub 2023 Jul 10. PMID: 37430384.
  2. Li F, Wu M, Wu P, Tang D. Foam sclerotherapy for patients with Klipple-Trenaunary syndrome complicated by frequent cellulitis of lower extremity: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Nov 17;102(46):e36011. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036011. PMID: 37986390; PMCID: PMC10659712.
  3. Park GW, Choi SY, Kim YJ, Jeong J. Usefulness of antegrade foam sclerotherapy for portal hypertensive variceal bleeding. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2023 Nov 7;29(6):826-831. doi: 10.4274/dir.2023.232245. Epub 2023 Sep 25. PMID: 37745308; PMCID: PMC10679564.
  4. Verma KK, Ramesh M, Nguyen M, Friedmann DP. Sclerotherapy off the Lower Extremities: A Single-Center Retrospective Study of Veins Treated on the Dorsal Hands and Chest. Dermatol Surg. 2023 Nov 1;49(11):1012-1016. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000003900. Epub 2023 Aug 18. PMID: 37606885.
  5. Salerno M, Bissacco D, Chi YW, Narayanan S, Addis A, Dellavia C, Canciani E, Gard M, Gianesini S. Empty vein ablation innovative technique for chronic venous disease treatment: proof of concept and ex-vivo analysis. Int Angiol. 2023 Oct;42(5):420-426. doi: 10.23736/S0392-9590.23.05055-1. Epub 2023 Jun 28. PMID: 37377397.
  6. Yu S, Li R, Cheng J, He Y, Xiao Y, Zhang M, Yu W, Qi X, Chen Y. Is catheter-based foam sclerotherapy more effective than direct foam sclerotherapy when combined with high ligation for the treatment of primary great saphenous vein incompetence? Vascular. 2023 Oct;31(5):981-988. doi: 10.1177/17085381221094884. Epub 2022 Apr 24. PMID: 35466837.
  7. Karacalilar M, Kutas HB. Approach to tortuous vena saphena magna with insufficiency: Foam scleroterapy. Vascular. 2023 Oct;31(5):1003-1010. doi: 10.1177/17085381221098907. Epub 2022 May 4. PMID: 35509195.
  8. Ren H, Wang B, Shao C, Chi G, Liu R, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Ding M, Wang H. Combination of Minimally Invasive Methods for the Treatment of Varicose Veins. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2023 Oct 6:15385744231199548. doi: 10.1177/15385744231199548. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37800458.
  9. Tan J, Li J, Bai X, Wang C, Xu W. One Year Follow-Up of Endovascular Microwave Ablation and Concomitant Foam Sclerotherapy in the Treatment of Primary Small Saphenous Vein Insufficiency. Ann Vasc Surg. 2023 Oct;96:374-381. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.04.037. Epub 2023 May 23. PMID: 37230316.
  10. Georgakarakos E, Dimitriadis K. Sheath-Based Combined Foam Sclerotherapy to Promote Management of Extensive Insufficiency of the Great Saphenous Vein in Venous Ulcers. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2023 Oct;57(7):820-822. doi: 10.1177/15385744231171753. Epub 2023 Apr 20. PMID: 37080914.
  11. Zhao C, Li D, Xie C. Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy combined with endoluminal radiofrequency closure in patients with varicose veins of lower extremities. Int Wound J. 2023 Sep;20(7):2518-2527. doi: 10.1111/iwj.14116. Epub 2023 Feb 16. PMID: 36796354; PMCID: PMC10410358.
  12. Le PT, Luong TV, Nguyen TT. Coil Embolisation Combined with Foam Sclerotherapy for Isolated Persistent Sciatic Vein. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2023 Sep;66(3):446. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2023.06.012. Epub 2023 Jun 17. PMID: 37336358.
  13. Chen IC, Huang YL, Kang YN, Chiu WK, Wang HJ, Chen C. Endovascular Occlusive or Sclerosing Agent Monotherapy for Varicose Veins: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Angiology. 2023 Aug 30:33197231199027. doi: 10.1177/00033197231199027. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37649310.
  14. Shaprynskyi VO, Shaprynskyi VV, Semenenko NV. MANAGEMENT OF MINIINVASIVE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY VARICOSE SUPERFICIAL VEINS. Wiad Lek. 2023 May;76(5 pt 2):1233-1238. doi: 10.36740/WLek202305215. PMID: 37364078.
  15. Zhu Y, Wu D, Song K, Zhu H, Li J, Sun D, Lin J. Fluoroscopy-guided foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins in the legs: A retrospective cohort analysis with long-term follow-up. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2023 Jul;11(4):688-691. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2023.02.005. Epub 2023 Mar 9. PMID: 36906106.
  16. Shahat M, Hussein RS, Ahmed AKS. Foam Sclerotherapy in Pelvic Congestion Syndrome. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2023 Jul;57(5):456-462. doi: 10.1177/15385744231154332. Epub 2023 Jan 24. PMID: 36692078.
  17. Foley MP, Westby D, Walsh SR. A Report of Penile Mondor’s Disease After Mechanochemical Ablation and Adjunct Foam Sclerotherapy of Bilateral Lower Extremity Truncal Incompetence. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2023 Jul;57(5):494-496. doi: 10.1177/15385744231154329. Epub 2023 Jan 22. PMID: 36683267.
  18. Bochnakova T, Kaufman C. Combined Management of Wound Ulcers With Focus on Interventional Techniques. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2023 Jun;26(2):100896. doi: 10.1016/j.tvir.2023.100896. Epub 2023 Aug 5. PMID: 37865447.
  19. Bossart S, Kos S, Keo HH, Staub D, Uthoff H. Combining Proximal Foam Sclerotherapy and Distal Endovenous Laser Ablation for Recurrent Varicose Vein Treatment. Dermatol Surg. 2023 Jun 1;49(6):575-580. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000003765. Epub 2023 Mar 23. PMID: 36989122.
  20. Tan J, Li J, Bai X, Wang C, Xu W. One Year Follow-Up of Endovascular Microwave Ablation and Concomitant Foam Sclerotherapy in the Treatment of Primary Small Saphenous Vein Insufficiency. Ann Vasc Surg. 2023 Oct;96:374-381. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.04.037. Epub 2023 May 23. PMID: 37230316.
  21. Pyne R, Shah S, Stevens L, Bress J. Lateral Subdermic Venous Plexus Insufficiency: The Association of Varicose Veins with Restless Legs Syndrome and Nocturnal Leg Cramps. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2023 Apr;34(4):534-542. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.12.019. Epub 2022 Dec 14. PMID: 36526075.
  1. Zhao C, Li D, Xie C. Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy combined with endoluminal radiofrequency closure in patients with varicose veins of lower extremities. Int Wound J. 2023 Sep;20(7):2518-2527. doi: 10.1111/iwj.14116. Epub 2023 Feb 16. PMID: 36796354; PMCID: PMC10410358.
  2. Kahraman N, Yümün G, Demir D, Özsin KK, Sünbül SA, Gücü A, Şeker İB, Özyaprak B, Yavuz Ş, Göncü MT. Detection of residual varicose veins with near infrared light in the early period after varicose surgery and near infrared light assisted sclerotherapy. Vascular. 2022 Dec;30(6):1174-1181.
  3. Çay, F., Altunbulak, AY., Özbay, Y. et Clinical results of polidocanol sclerotherapy in venous malformation treatment: Patient-perceived improvement and satisfaction. Phlebology, 2022 Nov;0(0)
  4. Dong J, Jia HB. Acute pulmonary edema following foam sclerotherapy: A case report. Asian Journal of Surgery. 2022 Nov 8:S1015-9584(22)01542-1.
  5. Pihlaja T, Vanttila LM, Ohtonen P, Pokela M. Factors associated with delayed venous ulcer healing after endovenous intervention for superficial venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022 Nov;(6):1238-1244.
  6. Joyce DP, De Freitas S, Woo EY, Tang TY, Tubassam M, Walsh SR. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy as a therapeutic modality in venous ulceration. 2022 Oct;20(5):e206-e213.
  7. Liu A, Boen M, Fabi S, Goldman MP. Sclerotherapy in Aesthetic Medicine: Myths and Realities. Dermatol Surg. 2022 Sep 1;48(9):972-977.
  8. Georgakarakos E, Dimitriadis K, Tasopoulou KM, Koutsoumpelis A. Foam sclerotherapy of great saphenous vein: The need for further improvement and ill-defined issues. 2022 Sep 1:17085381221124993.
  9. Salgueiro P, Rei A, Garrido M, Rosa B, Oliveira AM, Pereira-Guedes T, Morais S, Castro-Poças F. Polidocanol foam sclerotherapy in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease in patients with bleeding disorders: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study. Techniques in Coloproctology. 2022 Aug;26(8):615-625.
  10. Danneil O, Dörler M, Stockfleth E, Stücker M. Factors influencing superficial and deep vein thrombosis after foam sclerotherapy in varicose veins. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022 Jul;20(7):929-938.
  11. Eggen CAM, Alozai T, Pronk P, Mooij MC, Gaastra MTW, Ünlü Ç, Schreve MA, van Vlijmen CJ. Ten-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial comparing saphenofemoral ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein with endovenous laser ablation (980 nm) using local tumescent anesthesia. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022 May;10(3):646-653.e1.
  12. Bai T, Liu J, Jiang W, Li Y. [Experimental study on the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi. 2022 Apr 25;39(2):353-358.
  13. Gallo, G., Pietroletti, R., Novelli E. et al. A multicentre, open-label, single-arm phase II trial of the efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy using 3% polidocanol foam to treat second-degree haemorrhoids (SCLEROFOAM). Tech Coloproctol, 2022 Mar;26(8), 627-636.
  14. Cosín Sales O. Ultrasound-guided interventional radiology procedures on veins. Radiologia (Engl Ed). 2022 Jan-Feb;64(1):89-99.
  15. Hernando LL, Bielsa AA, Fletes Lacayo JC. Treatment of Recurrent Symptomatic Saphenous Trunk Reflux with Catheter Directed Foam Sclerotherapy and Tumescent Anaesthesia. EJVES Vasc Forum. 2022 Jan 22;55:1-4.
  16. de Ávila Oliveira R, Riera R, Vasconcelos V, Baptista-Silva JC. Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 10;12(12):CD001732.
  17. Pihlaja T, Torro P, Ohtonen P, Romsi P, Pokela M. Ten years of experience with first-visit foam sclerotherapy to initiate venous ulcer healing. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 Jul;9(4):954-960.
  18. Cartee TV, Wirth P, Greene A, Straight C, Friedmann DP, Pittman C, Daugherty SF, Blebea J, Meissner M, Schul MW, Mishra V. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is safe and effective in the management of superficial venous insufficiency of the lower extremity. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021. Jul;9(4):1031-1040.
  19. Poschinger-Figueiredo D, Virgini-Magalhães CE, Porto LC, Amorim CS, de Araujo Gomes CF, Riguetti-Pinto CR, Mayall MR, de Castro LS, Fagundes FB. Radiofrequency Ablation for Axial Reflux Associated with Foam Sclerotherapy for Varicosities in One-Step Approach: A Prospective Cohort Study Comprising Large Diameters Saphenous Veins. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2021 Jul 2; 17:379-387.
  20. Miranda LA, do Carmo RC, Sathler-Melo CC, de Castro-Santos G. Bilateral foam polidocanol sclerotherapy of great saphenous veins and their tributaries in synchronous procedure. J Vasc Bras. 2021 Jun 16;20: e20200178.
  21. Wu Z, Ma Y. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for primary small saphenous vein insufficiency. ANZ J Surg. 2021 Jan;91(1-2):158-161.
  22. Yang X, Chen H, Gu H, Jin Y, Hu L, Hua C, Wang Y, Sun Y, Yu W, Lin X.Interim results of bleomycin-polidocanol foam sclerotherapy as a highly efficient technique for venous malformations.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Nov;8(6):1066-1073.
  23. Markovic JN, Nag U, Shortell CK.Safety and efficacy of foam sclerotherapy for treatment of low-flow vascular malformations in children.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Nov;8(6):1074-1082.
  24. Jing YX, Wang RH, Liu ZX, Meng QY.Analysis of internal spermatic vein embolization through catheter versus laparoscopic high ligation in treatment of left varicocele. Vascular. 2020 Oct;28(5):583-590. doi: 10.1177/1708538120923548.Epub 2020 May 9. PubMed PMID: 32390559.
  25. Kahraman N, Özsin KK.Ultrasound-guided catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy can be safely applied for the treatment of great saphenous varicose veins in elderly patients.Vascular. 2020 Oct;28(5):597-603.
  26. Zhu Y, Wu D, Sun D, Song K, Li J, Lin J.Ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided foam sclerotherapy for lower extremity venous ulcers.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Sep;8(5):783-788.
  27. Memetoğlu ME, Yılmaz M, Kehlibar T, Günay R, Ketenci B, Demirtaş MM, Özhan A, Karakaya C, Güler E.Ultrasonography-guided foam sclerotherapy in patients with small saphenous veil insufficiency.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Sep;8(5):799-804.
  28. Tan MKH, Salim S, Onida S, Davies AH.Postsclerotherapy compression: A systematic review.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Aug 10. pii: S2213-333X(20)30432-7.
  29. Funakoshi H, Shirane S, Toda J.Sclerotherapy using polidocanol foam for a giant splenic cyst.Radiol Case Rep. 2020 Jul 10;15(9):1596-1600.
  30. Chang S, Weisse C, Berent AC, Rosen RJ.Use of percutaneous foam sclerotherapy with 1.5% sodium tetradecyl sulfate for treatment of a pelvic limb venous malformation in a dog.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2020 Jun 15;256(12):1368-1374.
  31. Kumar S, Bhavana K, Kumar B, Sinha AK, Kumar P.Image Guided Sclerotherapy of Masseteric Venous Malformations.Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2020 Jun;129(6):548-555.
  32. Kamhawy AH, Elbarbary AH, Elhenidy MA, Elwagih AMM.Periulcer Foam Sclerotherapy Injection in Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers Using Near-Infrared Laser for Vein Visualization.Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2020 Mar;19(1):63-69.
  33. Neto FC, Gomes de Oliveira R, Thomazinho F, Weinhardt Batista AP, Moraes Kessler I.Impact of Great Saphenous Vein Foam Sclerotherapy on Quality of Life and Photoplethysmography Findings in Chronic Venous Insufficiency: One-Year Follow-up.Dermatol Surg. 2020 Mar;46(3):369-375.
  34. Liu X, Zheng G, Ye B, Chen W, Xie H, Zhang T, Lin J.A retrospective cohort study comparing two treatments for active venous leg ulcers.Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Feb;99(8):e19317.
  35. Campos Gomes CV, Prado Nunes MA, Navarro TP, Dardik A.Elastic compression after ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in overweight patients does not improve primary venous hemodynamics outcomes.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Jan;8(1):110-117.
  36. Kahle B.[Anatomic challenges of foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins].Hautarzt. 2020 Jan;71(1):20-23.
  37. Sun Y, Gu H, Yang X, Cai R, Shang Y, Hu L, Wang Y, Chen H, Lin X.Bleomycin Polidocanol Foam (BPF) Stability РIn Vitro Evidence for the Effectiveness of a Novel Sclerosant for Venous Malformations.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2020
  38. Khan Kharl RA, Khan NI, Pervaiz HK, Ali K, Haider FE, Sattar S, Ahmad Z, Nasir M, Bajwa M, Siddique A.Foam Sclerotherapy: An Emerging, Minimally Invasive And Safe Modality Of Treatment For Varicose Veins.J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2019 Oct-Dec;31(Suppl 1)(4):S641-S645.
  39. Mukul SK, Singh A, Kumar A, Pandey S, Singh S, Kumar A.Foam Polidocanol Sclerotherapy for Low-Flow Vascular Malformations of Tongue.Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2019 Jul-Dec;9(2):257-260.
  40. Brittenden J, Cooper D, Dimitrova M, Scotland G, Cotton SC, Elders A, MacLennan G, Ramsay CR, Norrie J, Burr JM, Campbell B, Bachoo P, Chetter I, Gough M, Earnshaw J, Lees T, Scott J, Baker SA, Tassie E, Francis J, Campbell MK.Five-Year Outcomes of a Randomized Trial of Treatments for Varicose Veins.N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 5;381(10):912-922.
  41. Liu ZX, Guo PM, Zhang LL, Shi MJ, Wang RH, Meng QY.Efficacy of Endovenous Laser Treatment Combined with Sclerosing Foam in Treating Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremities.Adv Ther. 2019 Sep;36(9):2463-2474.
  42. Myers K.A history of injection treatments – I the syringe.Phlebology. 2019 Jun;34(5):294-302.
  43. Critello CD, Fiorillo AS, Cristiano MC, de Franciscis S, Serra R.Effects of sulodexide on stability of sclerosing foams.Phlebology. 2019 Apr;34(3):191-200.
  44. Cuffolo G, Hardy E, Perkins J, Hands LJ.The effects of foam sclerotherapy on ulcer healing: a single-centre prospective study.Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2019 Apr;101(4):285-289.
  45. Cavezzi A, Mosti G, Colucci R, Quinzi V, Bastiani L, Urso SU.Compression with 23mmHg or 35 mmHg stockings after saphenous catheter foam sclerotherapy and phlebectomy of varicose veins: A randomized controlled study.Phlebology. 2019 Mar;34(2):98-106.
  46. Kolluri R, Hays KU, Gohel MS.Foam Sclerotherapy Augmented Phlebectomy (SAP) Procedure for Varicose Veins: Report of a Novel Technique.EJVES Short Rep. 2018 Nov 16;41:16-18.
  47. Chen AW, Liu SH, Huang YY, Wang T.Preliminary Experience With More Stable Polidocanol Foam in Sclerotherapy of Head and Neck Venous Malformations.Dermatol Surg. 2018 Nov;44(11):1421-1426.
  48. Toniolo J, Chiang N, Munteanu D, Russell A, Hao H, Chuen J.Vein diameter is a predictive factor for recanalization in treatment with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018 Nov;6(6):707-716.
  49. Wang L, Liu F, Huang S.Percutaneous Lauromacrogol Foam Sclerotherapy for the Treatment of Acute Airway Compression Caused by Lymphatic Malformations in Infants.Biomed Res Int. 2018 Oct 18; 2018:3878960.
  50. Epstein D, Onida S, Bootun R, Ortega-Ortega M, Davies AH.Cost-Effectiveness of Current and Emerging Treatments of Varicose Veins.Value Health. 2018 Aug;21(8):911-920.
  51. Ribeiro MC, de Mattos Camargo Grossmann S, do Amaral MBF, de Castro WH, Navarro TP, Procopio RJ, da Silva TA, de Nazaré Alves de Oliveira Kato C, Mesquita RA.Effectiveness and safety of foam sclerotherapy with 5% ethanolamine oleate in the treatment of low-flow venous malformations in the head and neck region: a case series.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Jul;47(7):900-907.
  52. Giurazza F, Corvino F, Cangiano G, Amodio F, Cavaglià E, Silvestre M, De Magistris G, Tecame S, Niola R.Sclerotherapy of peripheral low-flow vascular malformations: technical aspects and mid-term clinical outcome.Radiol Med. 2018 Jun;123(6):474-480.
  53. Leo M, Stefano R, Raffaele AI.Foam sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein in association with pre-terminal saphenous junction ligation/division as an office-based procedure: 12-Month results.Phlebology. 2018 Jun;33(5):321-329.
  54. Epstein D, Gohel M, Heatley F, Davies AH.Cost-effectiveness of treatments for superficial venous reflux in patients with chronic venous ulceration.BJS Open. 2018 May 10;2(4):203-212.
  55. Gibson K, Gunderson K.Liquid and Foam Sclerotherapy for Spider and Varicose Veins.Surg Clin North Am. 2018 Apr;98(2):415-429.
  56. Niu CQ, Jiang H, Zhou SY, Shen G, Li HB, Zhang J.[Effect of foam sclerotherapy for the treatment of oropharyngeal venous malformation].Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018 Mar 7;53(3):209-213.
  57. Saunders RS, Scansen BA, Jung SS, Khabiri H, Wilkie DA.Use of an intravenous sclerosing foam (3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate) for treatment of orbital varix in a dog.Vet Ophthalmol. 2018 Mar;21(2):194-198.
  58. Yang B, Zhao J, Gao L, Li CL, Liu XR, Jiao H, Liao ZY, Yi C.CT-Guided Percutaneous Sclerotherapy for Low-Flow Retrobulbar Intraconal Venous Malformations.Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018 Mar;41(3):496-501.
  59. Kumar S, Bhavana K, Kumar S, Kumar P.Ultrasound-guided polidocanol foam sclerotherapy for treating venous malformations.J Clin Ultrasound. 2018 Jan;46(1):23-31.
  60. Sellitti A, Furino E, Di Filippo A, Nasto A, Sellitti ME, Apperti M, Quarto G.Surgical crossectomy and saphenic trunk sclerotherapy. Preliminary results of a combined approach to the treatment of saphenous vein varices.Ann Ital Chir. 2018; 89:320-323.
  61. Li X, Fan L, Ren S, Li X.Outcomes of Foam Sclerotherapy plus Ligation versus Foam Sclerotherapy Alone for Venous Ulcers in Lower Extremities.Ann Vasc Surg. 2017 Nov;45:160-165.
  62. Cavezzi A, Mosti G, Campana F, Tessari L, Bastiani L, Urso SU.Catheter Foam Sclerotherapy of the Great Saphenous Vein, with Perisaphenous Tumescence Infiltration and Saphenous Irrigation.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017 Nov;54(5):629-635.
  63. Blaise S.[Vascular medicine and foam sclerotherapy for venous malformations].J Med Vasc. 2017 Oct;42(5):315-319.
  64. de-Abreu GCG, Camargo O J√∫nior, de-Abreu MFM, de-Aquino JLB.Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for severe chronic venous insufficiency.Rev Col Bras Cir. 2017 Sep-Oct;44(5):511-520.
  65. Yamaki T, Sasaki Y, Hasegawa Y, Osada A, Konoeda H, Hamahata A, Nozaki M, Sakurai H.Percutaneous ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy with polidocanol microfoam for lymphatic malformations.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017 Sep;5(5):707-714. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.03.017. Epub 2017 May 31.
  66. Ali H, Elbadawy A, Saleh M, Mahmoud O.Mid-term Results of Catheter Directed Foam Sclerotherapy Combined with Tumescent Local Anaesthesia for Treatment of Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017 Sep;54(3):363-368.
  67. Bush R, Bush P.Evaluation of sodium tetradecyl sulfate and polidocanol as sclerosants for leg telangiectasia based on histological evaluation with clinical correlation.Phlebology. 2017 Aug;32(7):496-500.
  68. Ali H, Saleh M, Mohammed W.Efficacy and safety of Duplex-guided polidocanol foam sclerotherapy for venous malformations.Int Angiol. 2017 Jun;36(3):228-236.
  69. Keene DJB, Cervellione RM.Antegrade sclerotherapy in adolescent varicocele patients.J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Jun;13(3):305.e1-305.e6.
  70. Sun Y, Li X, Chen Z, Li X, Ren S.Feasibility and safety of foam sclerotherapy followed by a multiple subcutaneously interrupt ligation under local anaesthesia for outpatients with varicose veins.Int J Surg. 2017 Jun;42:49-53.
  71. Yin H, He H, Wang M, Li Z, Hu Z, Yao C, Wang J, Wang S, Chang G.Prospective Randomized Study of Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy Combined with Great Saphenous Vein High Ligation in the Treatment of Severe Lower Extremity Varicosis.Ann Vasc Surg. 2017 Feb;39:256-263.
  72. Baeshko A, Shestak N, Korytko S.Results of Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy of the Great Saphenous Vein with New Parameters of the Technique.Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2016 Nov;50(8):528-533.
  73. Davies HO, Popplewell M, Bate G, Kelly L, Darvall K, Bradbury AW.The impact of 2013 UK NICE guidelines on the management of varicose veins at the Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.Phlebology. 2016 Oct;31(9):612-6.
  74. Howard JK, Slim FJ, Wakely MC, Emerson LG, Davies CE, Kulkarni SR, Bulbulia RA, Whyman MR, Poskitt KR.Recanalisation and ulcer recurrence rates following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy.Phlebology. 2016 Aug;31(7):506-13.
  75. Park HS, Do YS, Park KB, Kim KH, Woo SY, Jung SH, Kim DI, Kim YW, Hyun D, Cho SK, Choo IW.Clinical outcome and predictors of treatment response in foam sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy of venous malformations.Eur Radiol. 2016 May;26(5):1301-10.
  76. Parsi K, Hannaford P.Intra-arterial injection of sclerosants: Report of three cases treated with systemic steroids. Phlebology. 2016 May;31(4):241-50.
  77. Guevara CJ, Gonzalez-Araiza G, Kim SK, Sheybani E, Darcy MD.Sclerotherapy of Diffuse and Infiltrative Venous Malformations of the Hand and Distal Forearm.Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016 May;39(5):705-710.
  78. Bootun R, Lane TR, Davies AH.The advent of non-thermal, non-tumescent techniques for treatment of varicose veins.Phlebology. 2016 Feb;31(1):5-14.
  79. Grover G, Tanase A, Elstone A, Ashley S.Chronic venous leg ulcers: Effects of foam sclerotherapy on healing and recurrence.Phlebology. 2016Feb;31(1):34-41.
  80. Ferrara F, Ferrara G, Furino E, Ebner H, Quarto G.A new strategy in sclerotherapy of varicose veins.Ann Ital Chir. 2016;87:381-385.
  81. Mwipatayi BP, Western CE, Wong J, Angel D.Atypical leg ulcers after sclerotherapy for treatment of varicose veins: Case reports and literature review.Int J Surg Case Rep. 2016;25:161-4.
  82. Jones L, Parsi K.Arteries masquerading as varicose veins: A trap for phlebologists.Phlebology. 2015 Dec;30(10):729-35. un;59(6):1011-1018.
  83. King JT, O’Byrne M, Vasquez M, Wright D;VANISH-1 Investigator Group. Treatment of Truncal Incompetence and Varicose Veins with a Single Administration of a New Polidocanol Endovenous Microfoam Preparation Improves Symptoms and Appearance.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015 Dec;50(6):784-93.
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  32. Star P, Connor DE, Parsi K.Novel developments in foam sclerotherapy: Focus on Varithena® (polidocanol endovenous microfoam) in the management of varicose veins.Phlebology. 2018 Apr;33(3):150-162.
  33. Bai T, Chen Y, Jiang W, Yan F, Fan Y.Studies on Foam Decay Trend and Influence of Temperature Jump on Foam Stability in Sclerotherapy.Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2018 Feb;52(2):98-106.
  34. Tan L, Wong K, Connor D, Fakhim B, Behnia M, Parsi K.Generation of sclerosant foams by mechanical methods increases the foam temperature.Phlebology. 2017 Aug;32(7):501-505.
  35. Watkins MR, Oliver RJ.Physiochemical properties and reproducibility of air-based sodium tetradecyl sulphate foam using the Tessari method.Phlebology. 2017 Jul;32(6):390-396.
  36. Critello CD, Fiorillo AS, Matula TJ.Size of Sclerosing Foams Prepared by Ultrasound, Mechanical Agitation, and the Handmade Tessari Method for Treatment of Varicose Veins.J Ultrasound Med. 2017 Mar;36(3):649-658.
  37. Kayssi A, Oreopoulos G, Tan KT, Jaskolka J.Combined Coil Embolization and Foam Sclerotherapy for the Management of Varicose Veins.Ann Vasc Surg. 2017 Jan; 38:293-297.
  38. Wan H, Bai T, Jiang W, Huang X, Zhao W.[Development of Automatic Preparation Device of Sclerosing Foam Based on Tessari Method].Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi. 2016 Dec;33(6):1191-5. Chinese.
  39. Xu J, Wang YF, Chen AW, Wang T, Liu SH.A modified Tessari method for producing more foam.Springerplus. 2016 Feb 19; 5:129.
  40. Chen AW, Liu YR, Li K, Liu SH.An Investigation on the Influence of Hyaluronic Acid on Polidocanol Foam Stability.Dermatol Surg. 2016 Jan;42(1):56-8.
  41. Whiteley MS, Patel SB.Modified Tessari Tourbillon technique for making foam sclerotherapy with silicone-free syringes.Phlebology. 2015 Oct;30(9):614-7.
  42. Patel SB, Ostler AE, Dos Santos SJ, Piriea TM, Whiteley MS.The effects of environmental and compositional manipulations on the longevity of Tessari-made foam for sclerotherapy.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2015 Jul;3(3):312-8.
  43. Li K, Liu YR, Chen AW, Liu SH.A new method for using radiopaque sclerosing foam to treat venous malformations.Dermatol Surg. 2015 Jun;41(6):726-30.
  44. Nastasa V, Samaras K, Ampatzidis Ch, Karapantsios TD, Trelles MA, Moreno-Moraga J, Smarandache A, Pascu ML.Properties of polidocanol foam in view of its use in sclerotherapy.Int J Pharm. 2015 Jan 30;478(2):588-96.
  45. Atasoy MM.Fill and aspirate foam sclerotherapy (FAFS): a new approach for sclerotherapy of large superficial varicosities concomitant to endovenous laser ablation of truncal vein.Clin Radiol. 2015 Jan;70(1):48-53.
  46. Park SW, Yun IJ, Hwang JJ, Lee SA, Kim JS, Chee HK, Chang IS.Fluoroscopy-guided endovenous sclerotherapy using a microcatheter prior to endovenous laser ablation: comparison between liquid and foam sclerotherapy for varicose tributaries.Korean J Radiol. 2014 Jul-Aug;15(4):481-7.
  47. Rial R, Hervas LS, Monux G, Galindo A, Martin A, Hernando M, Martinez I, Hernando A, Serrano FJ.Polidocanol foam stability in terms of its association with glycerin.Phlebology. 2014 Jun;29(5):304-9.
  48. Iannitti T, Rottigni V, Torricelli F, Palmieri B.Combination therapy of hyaluronic acid mesotherapic injections and sclerotherapy for treatment of lower leg telangiectasia without major venous insufficiency: a preliminary clinical study.Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2014 Apr;20(3):326-30.
  49. Erkin A, Kosemehmetoglu K, Diler MS, Koksal C.Evaluation of the minimum effective concentration of foam sclerosant in an ex-vivo study.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012 Dec;44(6):593-7.
  50. VAN Deurzen B, Ceulen RP, Tellings SS, VAN DER Geld C, Nijsten T.Polidocanol concentration and time affect the properties of foam used for sclerotherapy.Dermatol Surg. 2011 Oct;37(10):1448-55.
  51. Peterson JD, Goldman MP.An investigation on the influence of glycerin on sclerosant foam stability.Phlebology. 2011 Sep;26(6):232-4.
  52. Peterson JD, Goldman MP.An investigation into the influence of various gases and concentrations of sclerosants on foam stability.Dermatol Surg. 2011 Jan;37(1):12-7.
  53. Ikponmwosa A, Abbott C, Graham A, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Gough MJ.The impact of different concentrations of sodium tetradecyl sulphate and initial balloon denudation on endothelial cell loss and tunica media injury in a model of foam sclerotherapy.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010 Mar;39(3):366-71.
  54. Yamaki T, Nozaki M, Sakurai H, Takeuchi M, Soejima K, Kono T.Multiple small-dose injections can reduce the passage of sclerosant foam into deep veins during foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009 Mar;37(3):343-8.
  55. Gonzalez-Zeh R, Armisen R, Barahona S.Endovenous laser and echo-guided foam ablation in great saphenous vein reflux: one-year follow-up results.J Vasc Surg. 2008 Oct;48(4):940-6.
  56. Hill D, Hamilton R, Fung T.Assessment of techniques to reduce sclerosant foam migration during ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein.J Vasc Surg. 2008 Oct;48(4):934-9.
  57. Lai SW, Goldman MP.Does the relative silicone content of different syringes affect the stability of foam in sclerotherapy?J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Apr;7(4):399-400.
  58. Bidwai A, Beresford T, Dialynas M, Prionidis J, Panayiotopoulos Y, Browne TF.Balloon control of the saphenofemoral junction during foam sclerotherapy: proposed innovation.J Vasc Surg. 2007 Jul;46(1):145-7.
  59. Rao J, Goldman MP.Stability of foam in sclerotherapy: differences between sodium tetradecyl sulfate and polidocanol and the type of connector used in the double-syringe system technique.Dermatol Surg. 2005 Jan;31(1):19-22.
  1. Shi X, Liu Y, Li D, Tursun M, Azmoun S, Liu S. The Stability of Physician-Compounded Foam is Influenced by the Angle of Connector. Ann Vasc Surg. 2024 Feb;99:217-222. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.08.011. Epub 2023 Oct 17. PMID: 37852364.
  2. Guerra JD, Ulloa JH. Foam as seen through the microscope. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2023 Mar;11(2):411. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.09.011. PMID: 36822794.
  3. Meghdadi A, Jones SA, Patel VA, Lewis AL, Millar TM, Carugo D. Foam-in-Vein: Characterisation of Blood Displacement Efficacy of Liquid Sclerosing Foams. Biomolecules. 2022 Nov 22;12(12):1725. doi: 10.3390/biom12121725. PMID: 36551153; PMCID: PMC9775758.
  4. Terlecki P, Terlecki K, Przywara S, Iłżecki M, Toborek M, Pietura R, Maga P, Maga M, Zubilewicz T. Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: Employment of a New Endovascular Treatment Technique-Mechanochemical Ablation Using the Flebogrif System. J Clin Med. 2022 Sep 6;11(18):5255.
  5. Gao RD, Qian SY, Wang HH, Liu YS, Ren SY. Strategies and challenges in treatment of varicose veins and venous insufficiency. World J Clin Cases. 2022 Jun 26;10(18):5946-5956.
  6. Yu S, Li R, Cheng J, He Y, Xiao Y, Zhang M, Yu W, Qi X, Chen Y. Is catheter-based foam sclerotherapy more effective than direct foam sclerotherapy when combined with high ligation for the treatment of primary great saphenous vein incompetence? Vascular. 2022 Apr;0(0)
  7. Figueiredo LM, Bordalo Ferreira F, Rafael MA, Oliveira AM. Sclerotherapy using 2 % polidocanol foam in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease – a single-center experience. Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas. 2022 Mar;114(3):185-186.
  8. Hauzer W, Gnus J, Rosińczuk J. Endovenous laser therapy with echosclerotherapy as a hybrid method for chronic venous insufficiency: experience in 200 patients and literature review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Dec;25(24):7777-7786.
  9. Kahraman N, Yümün G, Demir D, Özsin KK, Sünbül SA, Gücü A, Şeker İB, Özyaprak B, Yavuz Ş, Göncü MT. Detection of residual varicose veins with near infrared light in the early period after varicose surgery and near infrared light assisted sclerotherapy. Vascular. 2021 Oct 29:17085381211051489.
  10. Sawaby A, Maklad S, Atta I, El Abd A, Mady MM, Solaiman A. Evaluation of the efficacy of foam sclerosant after addition of glycerine on human great saphenous vein: histological and immunohistochemical study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2021 Jun;103(6):452-458.
  11. Lucio Filho CEP, Bertanha M, Prata MP, Carvalho LR, Jaldin RG, Sobreira ML, Janzen J, Yoshida WB. Efficacy and safety of glucose, glucose and polidocanol combination, liquid polidocanol and polidocanol foam in the treatment of reticular veins: A randomized study in rabbits. Phlebology. 2021 May;36(4):303-312.
  12. Meghdadi A, Jones SA, Patel VA, Lewis AL, Millar TM, Carugo D. Foam-in-vein: A review of rheological properties and characterization methods for optimization of sclerosing foams. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2021 Jan;109(1):69-91.
  13. Lucio Filho CEP, Bertanha M, Prata MP, Carvalho LR, Jaldin RG, Sobreira ML, Janzen J, Yoshida WB.Efficacy and safety of glucose, glucose and polidocanol combination, liquid polidocanol and polidocanol foam in the treatment of reticular veins: A randomized study in rabbits.Phlebology. 2020 Oct 8:268355520964293.
  14. Roche E, Pons R, Roche O, Puig A.A new automated system for the preparation of sclerosant foam: A study of the physical characteristics produced and the device settings required.Phlebology. 2020 Oct;35(9):724-733.
  15. Zhang HS, Yang AJ, Liu S.Identifying the Most Stable State of a Foam Sclerosant for Foam Sclerotherapy.Dermatol Surg. 2020 Oct;46(10):e66-e70.
  16. Zhang H, Song YT, Zhang HS, Zhang F, Liu SH.Effects of Hyaluronic Acid on Stability of Bleomycin Foam.Dermatol Surg. 2020 Sep;46(9):1171-1175.
  17. Zhang H, Yang A, Xu M, Liu S.A Modified 3-Way Tap to Enhance the Stability and Uniformity of Sclerosant Foam.Ann Vasc Surg. 2020 Sep 2. pii: S0890-5096(20)30797-4.
  18. Hanshu Z, Shaohua L, Anwei C.A Novel Compound Sclerosant: Polidocanol-Bleomycin Foam.Dermatol Surg. 2020 Aug 5.
  19. Zhang H, Zhang HS, Chen AW, Zhang F, Liu SH.Modified Method to Increase the Volume and Stability of Bleomycin Foam: An Experimental Study.Dermatol Surg. 2020 Aug;46(8):1030-1034.
  20. Lim SY, Tan JX, D’Cruz RT, Syn N, Chong TT, Tang TY.Catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy, an alternative to ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for varicose vein treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Phlebology. 2020 Jul;35(6):369-383.
  21. Meghdadi A, Jones SA, Patel VA, Lewis AL, Millar TM, Carugo D.Foam-in-vein: A review of rheological properties and characterization methods for optimization of sclerosing foams.J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2020 Jul 4.
  22. Bi M, Li D, Chen Z, Wang Y, Ren J, Zhang W.Foam sclerotherapy compared with liquid sclerotherapy for the treatment of lower extremity varicose veins: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 May 9;99(22): e20332.
  23. Bai T, Taoping PhD*; Liu, Yuqiu BS*; Jiang, Wentao PhD*; Li, Yalan PhD*; Liu, Jiche BS*; Yu, Chenhao BS†; Fan, Yubo PhD‡A Review of Sclerosing Foam Stability in the Treatment of Varicose Veins.Dermatologic Surgery: February 2020 – Volume 46 – Issue 2 – p 249-257
  24. Pihlaja T, Romsi P, Ohtonen P, Jounila J, Pokela M.Post-procedural Compression vs. No Compression After Radiofrequency Ablation and Concomitant Foam Sclerotherapy of Varicose Veins: A Randomised Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2020 Jan;59(1):73-80.
  25. Roberts TG, Cox SJ, Lewis AL, Jones SA. Characterisation and optimisation of foams for varicose vein sclerotherapy. Biorheology. 2020;57(2-4):77-85.
  26. Critello CD, Pullano SA, Matula TJ, De Franciscis S, Serra R, Fiorillo AS.Recent developments on foaming mechanical and electronic techniques for the management of varicose veins.Expert Rev Med Devices. 2019 Nov;16(11):931-940.
  27. Bottaro E, Paterson J, Zhang X, Hill M, Patel VA, Jones SA, Lewis AL, Millar TM, Carugo D.Physical Vein Models to Quantify the Flow Performance of Sclerosing Foams.Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019 May 21;7:109.
  28. Cilurzo F, Critello CD, Paolino D, Fiorillo AS, Fresta M, De Franciscis S, Celia C.Polydocanol foam stabilized by liposomes: Supramolecular nanoconstructs for sclerotherapy.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2019 Mar 1; 175:469-476.
  29. Bai T, Liu Y, Liu J, Yu C, Jiang W, Fan Y.A comparison of different surfactants on foam stability in foam sclerotherapy in vitro.J Vasc Surg. 2019 Feb;69(2):581-591.e1.
  30. Hashimoto K, Uchida B, Horikawa M, Mimura H, Farsad K.Effects of Different Mixing Agents on the Stability of Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate (STS) Foam: An Experimental Study.Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018 Dec;41(12):1952-1957.
  31. Kaygin MA, Halici U.Evaluation of liquid or foam sclerotherapy in small varicose veins (ceap c1) with venous clinical severity score.Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2018 Dec;64(12):1117-1121.
  32. Bai T, Jiang W, Chen Y, Yan F, Xu Z, Fan Y.Effect of Multiple Factors on Foam Stability in Foam Sclerotherapy.Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 24;8(1):15683.
  33. Zhang X, Wang X, Gao C, Qin J, Zhao H, Li W, Lu X.A 1470-nm laser combined with foam sclerotherapy in day surgery: a better choice for lower limb varicose veins.Lasers Med Sci. 2018 Sep;33(7):1505-1511. doi: 10.1007/s10103-018-2507-8. Epub 2018 Apr 23. PubMed PMID: 29687409.
  34. Bai T, Jiang W, Fan Y.Influence of Syringe Volume on Foam Stability in Sclerotherapy for Varicose Vein Treatment.Dermatol Surg. 2018 May;44(5):689-696.
  35. Star P, Connor DE, Parsi K.Novel developments in foam sclerotherapy: Focus on Varithena® (polidocanol endovenous microfoam) in the management of varicose veins.Phlebology. 2018 Apr;33(3):150-162.
  36. Bai T, Chen Y, Jiang W, Yan F, Fan Y.Studies on Foam Decay Trend and Influence of Temperature Jump on Foam Stability in Sclerotherapy.Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2018 Feb;52(2):98-106.
  37. Tan L, Wong K, Connor D, Fakhim B, Behnia M, Parsi K.Generation of sclerosant foams by mechanical methods increases the foam temperature.Phlebology. 2017 Aug;32(7):501-505.
  38. Watkins MR, Oliver RJ.Physiochemical properties and reproducibility of air-based sodium tetradecyl sulphate foam using the Tessari method.Phlebology. 2017 Jul;32(6):390-396.
  39. Critello CD, Fiorillo AS, Matula TJ.Size of Sclerosing Foams Prepared by Ultrasound, Mechanical Agitation, and the Handmade Tessari Method for Treatment of Varicose Veins.J Ultrasound Med. 2017 Mar;36(3):649-658.
  40. Kayssi A, Oreopoulos G, Tan KT, Jaskolka J.Combined Coil Embolization and Foam Sclerotherapy for the Management of Varicose Veins.Ann Vasc Surg. 2017 Jan; 38:293-297.
  41. Wan H, Bai T, Jiang W, Huang X, Zhao W.[Development of Automatic Preparation Device of Sclerosing Foam Based on Tessari Method].Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi. 2016 Dec;33(6):1191-5. Chinese.
  42. Xu J, Wang YF, Chen AW, Wang T, Liu SH.A modified Tessari method for producing more foam.Springerplus. 2016 Feb 19; 5:129.
  43. Chen AW, Liu YR, Li K, Liu SH.An Investigation on the Influence of Hyaluronic Acid on Polidocanol Foam Stability.Dermatol Surg. 2016 Jan;42(1):56-8.
  44. Whiteley MS, Patel SB.Modified Tessari Tourbillon technique for making foam sclerotherapy with silicone-free syringes.Phlebology. 2015 Oct;30(9):614-7.
  45. Patel SB, Ostler AE, Dos Santos SJ, Piriea TM, Whiteley MS.The effects of environmental and compositional manipulations on the longevity of Tessari-made foam for sclerotherapy.J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2015 Jul;3(3):312-8.
  46. Li K, Liu YR, Chen AW, Liu SH.A new method for using radiopaque sclerosing foam to treat venous malformations.Dermatol Surg. 2015 Jun;41(6):726-30.
  47. Nastasa V, Samaras K, Ampatzidis Ch, Karapantsios TD, Trelles MA, Moreno-Moraga J, Smarandache A, Pascu ML.Properties of polidocanol foam in view of its use in sclerotherapy.Int J Pharm. 2015 Jan 30;478(2):588-96.
  48. Atasoy MM.Fill and aspirate foam sclerotherapy (FAFS): a new approach for sclerotherapy of large superficial varicosities concomitant to endovenous laser ablation of truncal vein.Clin Radiol. 2015 Jan;70(1):48-53.
  49. Park SW, Yun IJ, Hwang JJ, Lee SA, Kim JS, Chee HK, Chang IS.Fluoroscopy-guided endovenous sclerotherapy using a microcatheter prior to endovenous laser ablation: comparison between liquid and foam sclerotherapy for varicose tributaries.Korean J Radiol. 2014 Jul-Aug;15(4):481-7.
  50. Rial R, Hervas LS, Monux G, Galindo A, Martin A, Hernando M, Martinez I, Hernando A, Serrano FJ.Polidocanol foam stability in terms of its association with glycerin.Phlebology. 2014 Jun;29(5):304-9.
  51. Iannitti T, Rottigni V, Torricelli F, Palmieri B.Combination therapy of hyaluronic acid mesotherapic injections and sclerotherapy for treatment of lower leg telangiectasia without major venous insufficiency: a preliminary clinical study.Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2014 Apr;20(3):326-30.
  52. Erkin A, Kosemehmetoglu K, Diler MS, Koksal C.Evaluation of the minimum effective concentration of foam sclerosant in an ex-vivo study.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012 Dec;44(6):593-7.
  53. VAN Deurzen B, Ceulen RP, Tellings SS, VAN DER Geld C, Nijsten T.Polidocanol concentration and time affect the properties of foam used for sclerotherapy.Dermatol Surg. 2011 Oct;37(10):1448-55.
  54. Peterson JD, Goldman MP.An investigation on the influence of glycerin on sclerosant foam stability.Phlebology. 2011 Sep;26(6):232-4.
  55. Peterson JD, Goldman MP.An investigation into the influence of various gases and concentrations of sclerosants on foam stability.Dermatol Surg. 2011 Jan;37(1):12-7.
  56. Ikponmwosa A, Abbott C, Graham A, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Gough MJ.The impact of different concentrations of sodium tetradecyl sulphate and initial balloon denudation on endothelial cell loss and tunica media injury in a model of foam sclerotherapy.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010 Mar;39(3):366-71.
  57. Yamaki T, Nozaki M, Sakurai H, Takeuchi M, Soejima K, Kono T.Multiple small-dose injections can reduce the passage of sclerosant foam into deep veins during foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009 Mar;37(3):343-8.
  58. Gonzalez-Zeh R, Armisen R, Barahona S.Endovenous laser and echo-guided foam ablation in great saphenous vein reflux: one-year follow-up results.J Vasc Surg. 2008 Oct;48(4):940-6.
  59. Hill D, Hamilton R, Fung T.Assessment of techniques to reduce sclerosant foam migration during ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein.J Vasc Surg. 2008 Oct;48(4):934-9.
  60. Lai SW, Goldman MP.Does the relative silicone content of different syringes affect the stability of foam in sclerotherapy?J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Apr;7(4):399-400.
  61. Bidwai A, Beresford T, Dialynas M, Prionidis J, Panayiotopoulos Y, Browne TF.Balloon control of the saphenofemoral junction during foam sclerotherapy: proposed innovation.J Vasc Surg. 2007 Jul;46(1):145-7.
  62. Rao J, Goldman MP.Stability of foam in sclerotherapy: differences between sodium tetradecyl sulfate and polidocanol and the type of connector used in the double-syringe system technique.Dermatol Surg. 2005 Jan;31(1):19-22.

SAFETY STUDIES

  1. Dong J, Jia HB. Acute pulmonary edema following foam sclerotherapy: A case report. Asian J Surg. 2023 May;46(5):2015-2016. doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.10.107. Epub 2022 Nov 8. PMID: 36369136.
  2. Chandran D, Abraham PM, Mufsil PP, Rajendran S. Pulsatile bleeding varicose veins due to tricuspid regurgitation successfully treated with foam sclerotherapy. J Postgrad Med. 2023 Apr-Jun;69(2):120-121. doi: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_433_22. PMID: 36537397; PMCID: PMC10259428.
  3. Joyce, DP., De Freitas, S., Woo, EY., Tang, TY., Tubassam, M., Walsh, SR. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy as a therapeutic modality in venous ulceration. The Surgeon, 2022 Oct;20(5):e206-e213.
  4. Arasakumar DRB, Pang C, Evans N, Papadopoulou A, Khalifa M, Tsui J, Hamilton G, Brookes J, Lim CS. Efficacy and safety of foam sclerotherapy with sodium tetradecyl sulfate as preferred sclerosant of venous malformations based on experience from a single specialist center. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 2022 Oct;31:S2213-333X(22)00440-1.
  5. Kong J, Liu Z, Fu G, Li Y, Chen G, Lou W, Zhao B, Gong M, Lu Z, Zhou Y, Chen L, Su H, Gu J, He X. Outcomes of Fluoroscopy-Guided Percutaneous High Ligation of the Great Saphenous Vein Combined With Foam Sclerotherapy for Symptomatic Great Saphenous Veins. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2022 Apr;33(4):445-450.
  6. Davies HO, Watkins M, Oliver R, Berhane S, Bradbury AW. Adverse neurological events after sodium tetradecyl sulfate foam sclerotherapy – A prospective, observational study of 8056 treatments. 2022 Mar;37(2):97-104.
  7. Cartee TV, Wirth P, Greene A, Straight C, Friedmann DP, Pittman C, Daugherty SF, Blebea J, Meissner M, Schul MW, Mishra V. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is safe and effective in the management of superficial venous insufficiency of the lower extremity. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 Jul;9(4):1031-1040.
  8. Jimenez JC, Lawrence PF, Woo K, Chun TT, Farley SM, Rigberg DA, Baril DT, Derubertis BG. Adjunctive techniques to minimize thrombotic complications following microfoam sclerotherapy of saphenous trunks and tributaries. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 Jul;9(4):904-909.
  9. Davies HO, Watkins M, Oliver R, Berhane S, Bradbury AW. Adverse neurological events after sodium tetradecyl sulfate foam sclerotherapy – A prospective, observational study of 8056 treatments. Phlebology. 2021 Oct 18:2683555211051490.
  10. Gajo EC, Kavinsky CJ, Murphy J, Suradi HS. The pivotal role of PFO in paradoxical embolism following venous sclerotherapy: a unique case report with pathological correlations. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2021 Aug 23;5(8): ytab228.
  11. de Aguiar ET, Dos Santos JB, Carvalho DD. Venous thromboembolism after ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy. Phlebology. 2021 Apr;36(3):233-239.
  12. de Aguiar ET, Dos Santos JB, Carvalho DD.Venous thromboembolism after ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy.Phlebology. 2020 Oct 6:268355520957202.
  13. Hoss E, Kollipara R, Boen M, Alhaddad M, Goldman MP.Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Foam Sclerotherapy With 1: 2 Polidocanol to Air Ratio Versus 1: 4 Ratio for the Treatment of Reticular Veins of the Lower Extremities.Dermatol Surg. 2020 Sep 15.
  14. Lobastov K, Vorontsova A, Bargandzhiya A, Tsaplin S, Schastlivtsev I, Barinov V, Laberko L, Dvornikov A.The frequency and clinical significance of nontarget superficial and deep vein occlusion after physician compounded foam sclerotherapy of varicose tributaries.Phlebology. 2020 Jul;35(6):430-439.
  15. Parsi K, Panozzo B, Bull A, Yang A, Kang M, Parsi Y, Connor DE.Deep vein sclerosis following sclerotherapy: Ultrasonic and d-dimer criteria.Phlebology. 2020 Jun;35(5):325-336.
  16. Bittencourt AH, Dallanora DV, Bacega NR, Cembranel VS.Cerebrovascular ischemia following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy.J Vasc Bras. 2018 Oct-Dec;17(4):333-336.
  17. Matsuzono K, Arai N, Suzuki M, Kim Y, Ozawa T, Mashiko T, Shimazaki H, Koide R, Matsuura T, Fujimoto S.Tissue Plasminogen Activator to Treat a Stroke after Foam Sclerotherapy in a Woman with a Patent Foramen Ovale.J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018 Jun;27(6):e110-e112.
  18. Abdelhamid N, Farooq S, Sarraj A.Acute Ischemic Stroke in a Young Woman With No Known Risk Factors.WMJ. 2018 Mar;117(1):42-44.
  19. Whiteley MS, Smith VC.Exacerbation of alopecia areata: A possible complication of sodium tetradecyl sulphate foam sclerotherapy treatment for varicose veins.SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2017 Jun 2; 5:2050313X17712643.
  20. Malvehy MA, Asbjornsen C.Transient neurologic event following administration of foam sclerotherapy.Phlebology. 2017 Feb;32(1):66-68.
  21. Star P, Choy C, Parsi K.Black veins: a case of minocycline-induced pigmentation post-sclerotherapy and a review of literature.J Cutan Pathol. 2017 Jan;44(1):83-92.
  22. Rastel D.Immediate and transient faintness following a course of foam sclerotherapy treatment for saphenous vein incompetence in an elderly patient. J Mal Vasc. 2016 Dec;41(6):412-415.
  23. Kim M, Niroumandpour M, Poustinchian B.Transient Ischemic Attack After Foam Sclerotherapy in a Woman with a Patent Foramen Ovale.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2016 May 1;116(5):320-3.
  24. de Franciscis S, Nobile C, Larosa E, Montemurro R, Serra R.Air contamination in the sclerosing foam for the treatment of varicose veins. Phlebology. 2016 Mar;31(2):96-100.
  25. Bruijninckx CM. Fatal pulmonary embolism following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy combined with multiple microphlebectomies. Phlebology. 2016
  26. Wong M.Should foam made with physiologic gases be the standard in sclerotherapy?Phlebology. 2015 Oct;30(9):580-6.
  27. Dermody M, Schul MW, O’Donnell TF.Thromboembolic complications of endovenous thermal ablation and foam sclerotherapy in the treatment of great saphenous vein insufficiency.Phlebology. 2015 Jun;30(5):357-64.
  28. Coudray S, Aïchoun I, Ricci JE, Penne C, Schuster I, Pérez-Martin A.[Unusual consequences of foam sclerotherapy].J Mal Vasc. 2015 Feb;40(1):37-41.
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